LIFE AFTER DEATH

In philosophy, religion, mythology, and fiction, the afterlife (life after death) is the concept of a realm, or the realm itself (whether physical or transcendental), in which an essential part of an individual's identity or consciousness continues to reside after the death of the body in the individual's lifetime. According to various ideas of the afterlife, the essential aspect of the individual that lives on after death may be some partial element, or the entire soul, of an individual, which carries with it and confers personal identity. Belief in an afterlife, which may be naturalistic or supernatural, is in contrast to the belief in eternal oblivion after death.
 Across the ancient world, most ethnic groups held afterlife beliefs about preservation of consciousness after the death of one's body, and this belief survives to this day in most religions. With the help of the scientific method and centuries of experimentation since the Enlightenment, it was determined that consciousness is a component of the functioning brain, synthesizing thereby the modern scientific concept of consciousness as a product of the brain that like all other brain functions ceases as the brain dies.

As is uncontroversial in scientific circles, the mind or psyche, as well as consciousness and personality, is a product of the functioning brain. During brain death, which is typically bound to occur in as few as 3 minutes after cardiac arrest, all brain function halts permanently. The implication is that the mind fails to survive brain death and ceases to exist.

As a dependent variable, the unlikeliness of an afterlife may be inferred provided that the same may be done with its aforementioned premise: the identity of mind as a component of the functioning brain.

In the famous case of Phineas Gage, a 25-year-old man survived destruction of one or both frontal lobes by a projectile iron rod and went on to manifest pronounced changes in personality, suggesting a correlation between brain states and mental states. Similar examples abound; neuroscientist David Eagleman describes the case of another individual who exhibited escalating pedophilic tendencies at two different times, and in each case was found to have tumors growing in a particular part of his brain. The amygdala processes reactions to violations concerning personal space, and these reactions are absent in persons in whom the amygdala is damaged bilaterally. Monkey mothers who have amygdala damage show a reduction in maternal behaviors towards their infants, often physically abusing or neglecting them. The acquisation of memory and knowledge has a bio-chemical basis. Psychoactive chemicals can be used to temporarily alter the mind through manipulation of neuro transmission. 

Evidence points out that mental development in individual organisms is parallel to brain development. In intelligent animals, human and non-human alike, consciousness as we know it begins to appear at neonatal stages, is lost and recovered sporadically in the course of their lifespan—during deep sleep, syncope and sometimes coma, as lack of communication between cerebral neurons—and is lost permanently once their brains are dead. Before the mind begins to form, the organism's consciousness does not exist, but is absent in the very same manner as it is after the organism dies.

The mind is the result of neural activity, which discontinues at brain death due to the massive premature death (necrosis) of cerebral neurons. In the process of clinical death, the heart stops working and pumping blood to the brain, thereby cutting the brain's essential supply of oxygen and of other less urgent nutrients. Measurable brain activity ends within 20 to 40 seconds. As characteristic of all biological cells, brain cells die once deprived of oxygenated blood, destroying the brain.

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